Problems in Crop improvement in INDIA (Author: Prashant B. Kale (Ph.D.))

Crop improvement involves various categories of problems

Author: Prashant B. Kale (Ph.D.)

1. Genetic and Breeding Problems:

1.1. Genetic Diversity: Limited genetic diversity can hinder the development of new crop varieties, making crops vulnerable to pests, diseases, and environmental changes.

1.2. Inbreeding Depression: Repeated use of closely related individuals in breeding programs can lead to a decrease in vigor and overall plant health.

1.3. Heterosis or Hybrid Vigor: Achieving and maintaining hybrid vigor can be challenging, as it often requires crossing two genetically diverse parents.

1.4. Genetic Barriers: Crossbreeding between species or genera can be technically challenging, limiting the expansion of genetic diversity.

Notes: Crop Improvement in India (Author: Prashant B. Kale (Ph.D.))

Status of Crop Improvement in India

Author: Prashant B. Kale (Ph.D.)

Crop improvement in India has a long-standing history dating back to ancient agricultural practices. Over the years, this essential sector has evolved significantly, adopting modern techniques and technologies to meet the growing demand for food, fiber, and industrial raw materials. This comprehensive report provides an overview of the present status of crop improvement in India, emphasizing the importance of this sector, the key stakeholders involved, the current challenges, and the innovative approaches being used to enhance crop yields, nutritional value, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.

1.     Introduction Crop improvement in India is a crucial component of the country's agricultural sector, which plays a vital role in the overall economy and the livelihoods of millions. This report explores the various aspects of crop improvement in India, focusing on the current status, strategies, challenges, and the role of different stakeholders.

"Microtomy and Microscopy in Plant Histology: Techniques and Applications" (Author: Prashant B. Kale (Ph.D.))

 "Microtomy and Microscopy in Plant Histology: Techniques and Applications"

Author: Prashant B. Kale (Ph.D.)

A microtome is a specialized precision cutting instrument, which accurately and repeatedly slices sections from a block of embedded tissue. Different kinds of microtomes are used to section paraffin and plastic-embedded tissues as well as the specialized microtomes used to section frozen tissues.

In the case of plants, microtomy is used to prepare thin sections of plant tissues for analysis, particularly for microscopic examination of cells and sub-cellular events. Basic steps for creating microtome sections for plant tissue analysis are explained as: (figure: microtome and cryotome instruments with important parts)

Materials and Equipment:

1. Plant specimens
2. Microtome (a specialized instrument for cutting thin sections)
3. Embedding medium (e.g., paraffin wax or resin)
4. Razor blades or microtome blades
5. Glass slides
6. Microscope
7. Staining solutions (optional)

Role of bio-fertilizers towards natural farming (Author: Prachi S. Mahajan (M.Sc. Agril.))

ROLE OF BIO-FERTILIZERS TOWARDS NATURAL FARMING

Author: Prachi S. Mahajan (M.Sc.  Agril.)

Biofertilizers:

Biofertilizers are a gift from nature- a natural consortium of beneficial microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, algae, and cyanobacteria. These microorganisms form a harmonious relationship with the plants, either by establishing symbiotic, or non-symbiotic associations or by enhancing the nutrient dynamics within the soil. Their primary role is to fix atmospheric nitrogen and make essential nutrients like phosphorus and potassium available to the plants.

Role of Biofertilizers:

Robotics-assisted Phenomics tools (Author: Prashant B. Kale (Ph.D.))

 Robotics-assisted Phenomics tools

Author: Prashant B. Kale (Ph.D.)

Phenomics, the study of an organism's physical and biochemical traits, plays a crucial role in crop improvement by providing valuable insights into plant characteristics and responses.  Plant phenomics research is at the forefront of modern science, driven by advanced technologies like robotics, imaging systems, and machine learning. It enables the rapid collection of vast datasets on plant traits and their responses to environmental factors, facilitating precise agriculture, genetic analysis, and the conservation of biodiversity. By integrating genomics and non-invasive imaging, it accelerates crop improvement efforts, addressing global challenges like food security and climate change adaptation. This interdisciplinary field continues to evolve with emerging technologies, making it pivotal for sustainable agriculture and environmental science. Here are some applications of phenomics in crop improvement:

1.      Identification of Desirable Traits: Phenomics helps identify and quantify desirable traits in crops, such as yield, drought tolerance, disease resistance, and nutritional content. This information guides breeders in selecting the best parent plants for crossing.

Bio-Stimulants in Agriculture: Boosting Crop Yields Sustainably (Author: Prashant B. Kale (Ph.D.))

  Bio-Stimulants in Agriculture: Boosting Crop Yields Sustainably

Author: Prashant B. Kale (Ph.D.)

Agricultural biostimulants are biological or biologically derived additives that supplement and enhance existing agricultural practices. They can provide specific nutrients needed by the plant during the phenological stages or correct specific nutrient deficiencies. Biostimulants can help plants achieve their yield potential. They have a wide range of applications in crop plants, and their use is becoming increasingly popular in modern agriculture. Here are some key applications of bio-stimulants in crop plants:

·         Improved Nutrient Uptake: Bio-stimulants can enhance the uptake and utilization of essential nutrients by plants. They may increase the efficiency of nutrient absorption, especially in nutrient-deficient soils, which can lead to improved crop yields.

 Organize Your Answers for Exams in Biology and Allied Subjects

Author: Prashant B Kale (Ph.D. Agril. Biotech)

Introduction:

Several exams in biology and allied disciplines at academic levels (graduate and PG exams) place a significant emphasis on strong answer-writing skills. Similarly, university entrance and recruitment exams commonly incorporate essay-type questions or long-written answers for better selection of candidates. Competitive exams, such as civil service, and medical also assess candidates' knowledge and analytical abilities through written components. Additionally, research-based exams and professional certification exams often demand well-structured and detailed written answers to evaluate candidates' understanding and application of the subject matter. Cultivating effective answer-writing skills is essential for success in these exams, as it enables candidates to express complex ideas, demonstrate critical thinking, and effectively communicate their knowledge and insights.

Table of contents: 

Introduction
Points to be considered

1. Understand the question
2. Plan your answer
3. Utilize visual aids
4. Introduction
5. Main body
6. Use subheadings (if appropriate)
7. Critical analysis and discussion
8. Conclusion
9. References
10. Proofread and edit

Summary
Note

Writing an organized answer in biology and allied disciplines requires careful planning and structuring of thoughts. Here's a ten-step guide to help when writing for an organized answer:

1. Understand the question: Read the question carefully and make sure you fully understand what is being asked. Identify the key points or concepts that need to be addressed in your answer. (It is always better to meticulously go through the question paper before starting to write)
2. Plan your answer: Before you start writing, create an outline or a mental framework for your answer. Determine the main points you want to discuss and the order in which you will present them. This will help you maintain a logical flow throughout your response. (This point should be consistently planned while making short notes in the classroom, preparing for exams/ studying during the semester period)
3. Utilize visual aids: In biology, complex concepts can often be better understood with the help of visual aids. Consider incorporating drawings, figures, or flowcharts into your answer to illustrate key processes or structures. Use arrows, labels, and highlighting to emphasize important details. (One can practice understanding the concepts by preparing their own graphical abstracts during exams.
4. About introduction: Begin your answer with a concise introduction that provides context and sets the tone for your response. Clearly state the main topic or issue you will be addressing and briefly outline the key points you will cover.
5. Main body: Divide your answer into several paragraphs, each focusing on a specific point or subtopic. Start each paragraph with a clear topic sentence that introduces the main idea of that section. Support your arguments or statements with relevant evidence, such as scientific studies, experimental data, or reputable sources. Make sure to explain complex concepts or technical terms in a clear and concise manner.
6. Use subheadings (if appropriate): If your answer covers multiple subtopics or aspects, consider using subheadings to help organize your thoughts and guide the reader. This can enhance the readability and clarity of your response, especially for longer and more complex answers. (Do remember the points like “classification”/ “types”/ “divisions” /”Approaches” / “methods” of the main title. Elaborate on those points scientifically. Be precise and consider the mark distribution to that particular question. Do not leave blank bullet points in the answers)
7. Critical analysis and discussion: It is important to demonstrate critical thinking and engage in in-depth analysis. Evaluate the evidence you have presented and discuss its implications, limitations, or potential alternative interpretations. Compare different viewpoints or theories if applicable, and highlight the significance of your findings or arguments.
8. Conclusion: Summarize the main points of your answer in a clear and concise manner. Restate your hypothesis or main argument and briefly recapitulate the conclusions. (Avoid introducing new information in the conclusion)
9. References: If you have cited any sources, include a list of references at the end of your answer. Follow the appropriate citation style and ensure the accuracy and completeness of your references.
10. Proofread and edit: After completing your answer, take the time to carefully proofread and edit your work. Check for grammar and spelling errors, ensure the clarity of your sentences, and make any necessary revisions to improve the overall structure and coherence of your response.

Summary:

Writing an organized answer in biology involves presenting your ideas in a clear, logical, and well-supported manner. Practice effective communication, coherence, and critical thinking to deliver a comprehensive and cohesive response.

NOTE:

Conceptual understanding is the key to better answers in biology. It enables in-depth and insightful responses by connecting information, recognizing patterns, and analyzing biological phenomena. A solid conceptual foundation allows for clearer explanations, logical organization, critical thinking, and informed conclusions. While factual knowledge is important, it is the application of concepts that matters. Build a strong foundation through active learning and exploration to excel in providing well-organized answers.

Application of Genetic, cytogenetic, and biotechnological techniques in the breeding of different field crops

 Application of Genetic, cytogenetic, and biotechnological techniques in the breeding of different field crops

Author: Dr. Prashant (Plant Biotechnology)

            The combination of genetic, cytogenetic, and biotechnological techniques has significantly advanced the field of crop breeding, allowing scientists to develop improved cultivars with targeted traits. These techniques are applied in the plant breeding of various field crops:

 

👆Click on the image 👆 above 👆 to attend the "Google Form" containing a questionnaire related to the "Breeding of field crops".

A.     Genetic Techniques: Genetic techniques involve studying and manipulating genes conventionally to enhance desirable traits in plants. This includes classical breeding methods such as hybridization and selection.

General article on the history of plant breeding (Author: Prashant B. Kale (Ph.D.))

 General article on the history of plant breeding

Author: Prashant B. Kale (Ph.D.)

The history and milestones of plant breeding and genetics for the improvement of field crops is a fascinating journey that spans centuries. It involves the deliberate selection and manipulation of plants to enhance desired traits. Here's a brief overview:

👆Click on the image 👆 above 👆 to attend "Google Form" containing questionnaire related to the "Breeding of field crops".

Early Agricultural Practices: Humans began domesticating plants around 10,000 years ago. Early farmers unknowingly practiced plant breeding by selecting and saving seeds from plants with favorable traits, such as larger seeds or better taste.

Moringa (Drum Sticks): The Super-food (By: Prachi S. Mahajan)

Moringa (Drum Sticks): The Super-food

Author: Prachi S. Mahajan (M.Sc.  Agriculture)

Moringa, scientifically known as Moringa oleifera (Drum Sticks), is a versatile and highly beneficial plant that has been revered for its nutritional and medicinal properties for centuries. Native to parts of South Asia and Africa, Moringa is now cultivated in various regions worldwide due to its incredible adaptability and numerous health benefits. Moringa is often referred to as a "superfood" due to its exceptional nutritional value. The various parts of the Moringa tree, such as leaves, seeds, flowers, and pods, are rich sources of essential vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. (Illustration for Benefits of Moringa and Value Added Products from Moringa)

Here is a breakdown of the nutritional components found in 100 grams of Moringa leaves:

1. Vitamins:

Vitamin A (Beta-Carotene): Appro. 6780 μg (microgram)

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid): About 220 mg

Vitamin E (Alpha-Tocopherol): Around 47 mg

Vitamin K: Roughly 301 μg

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine): Approximately 0.257 mg

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin): About 0.66 mg

    Vitamin B3 (Niacin): Around 2.22 mg

    Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine): Roughly 1.2 mg

    Folate (Vitamin B9): Approximately 40 μg

2. Minerals:

    Calcium: Approximately 185 mg

    Magnesium: Around 147 mg

    Phosphorus: Roughly 112 mg

    Potassium: Approximately 337 mg

    Iron: Around 4 mg

    Zinc: Approximately 0.6 mg

Drone Technology and its Application in Agriculture (By: Prachi S. Mahajan)

Drone Technology and its Application in Agriculture

Author: Prachi S. Mahajan (M.Sc.  Agriculture)

Drone technology, also known as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), has been increasingly adopted in agriculture to enhance farming practices and improve overall efficiency. Drones offer various benefits, including cost-effectiveness, data collection capabilities, and the ability to cover large areas quickly. Here are some of the common applications of drone technology in agriculture:

1. Crop Monitoring: Drones equipped with high-resolution cameras and multispectral or hyperspectral sensors can capture images and data of crops from the air. This data helps farmers monitor plant health, identify areas of stress or disease, and assess the effectiveness of irrigation and fertilization practices.

2. Precision Agriculture: By combining drone-collected data with Geographic Information System (GIS) technology, farmers can create detailed field maps. These maps provide insights into variations in soil properties, allowing for targeted application of resources like water, fertilizers, and pesticides. This practice helps optimize inputs and reduce environmental impact.

Illustration: Use of drones for spraying in agronomical & horticultural crops

3. Crop Spraying: Drones can be equipped with spraying systems to apply pesticides, herbicides, or fertilizers precisely to crops. This targeted approach reduces chemical usage and minimizes human exposure to potentially harmful substances (this can be observed in the image above).

4. Crop Assessment and Yield Estimation: Drones equipped with advanced sensors can assess crop health, estimate yield potential, and predict harvest times. This information is invaluable for better planning and decision-making in the agricultural process.

5. Livestock Monitoring: Drones can also be used to monitor livestock, enabling farmers to locate and assess the condition of their animals in large or remote areas. This aids in detecting any health issues or distress.

6. Soil Analysis: Drones can collect soil samples from different parts of a field, providing farmers with crucial soil health data. This information helps in understanding soil fertility and tailoring crop management strategies accordingly.

Liquid Fertilizers: Enhancing Crop Productivity and Sustainability (By: Prachi S. Mahajan)

 Liquid Fertilizers: Enhancing Crop Productivity and Sustainability

Author: Prachi S. Mahajan (M.Sc.  Agriculture)

Introduction: Agriculture-allied sectors serve as the backbone of countries' economies, providing livelihood to millions of people and meeting the food demands of a large population. To achieve higher crop yields with sustainable agricultural practices, nowadays farmers are turning to liquid fertilizers (LF). Liquid fertilizers play a significant role in modern agriculture by improving crop yield and quality. These LF are having the ability to provide nutrients directly to the plant roots or aerial parts which ensures efficient nutrient uptake, reducing nutrient losses due to leaching or volatilization. Additionally, applications of liquid fertilizers make possible the use of various agricultural practices, such as no-till farming, reduced-tillage systems, and precision farming. This review is about the exploration of various types of liquid fertilizers commonly used in agriculture, and gardening, with their role in improving biomass, productivity, and health.

·         Types of liquid fertilizers

1. Nitrogen-Based Liquid Fertilizers: These fertilizers provide essential nitrogen, promoting leafy growth and overall plant vigor. Recently developed “Nano-urea” is a cutting-edge innovation. These nanoparticles deliver nitrogen to plants more efficiently by minimizing nitrogen losses and environmental impacts (one can visit for more information https://www.iffco.in/en/nano-urea-liquid-fertilizer). Examples:

Fenugreek Seeds: Nutrition and Versatility (By: VM Jawale)

Fenugreek Seeds: Nutrition and Versatility

Author: VM Jawale (BBM eCom.)

Common household seeds that are frequently used for gardening, cooking, or other purposes include sunflower seeds, pumpkin seeds, sesame seeds, chia seeds, flax seeds (also known as linseeds), poppy seeds, mustard seeds, cumin seeds, coriander seeds, fennel seeds, caraway seeds, fenugreek seeds, dill seeds, basil seeds, cardamom seeds, ajwain seeds (also known as carom seeds), nigella seeds (also known as black cumin or kalonji), quinoa seeds, amaranth seeds, and various types of millet seeds. (List of benefits can be seen in the illustrative image below)

Innovative biological fields for industrial applications (By: Dr. Prashant B. Kale)

 Innovative biological fields for industrial applications

Author: Prashant B. Kale (Ph.D.)

Introduction:

Indeed, microbiology and biotechnology have played a significant role in the industrial revolution, particularly in the field of mass production of biomass, proteins, and secondary metabolites. The growth and rapid multiplication of microorganisms in large vessels, such as fermenters, have revolutionized various industries and enabled the efficient production of valuable products.

Here's a review of how microbiology and biotechnology contribute to industrial processes:

Keywords: Microbiology, Biotechnology, Industrial fermentation, Biomass, Proteins, Secondary metabolites, Mass production, Biopharmaceuticals, Bioremediation, Bioenergy, etc.

Chandrayaan-3, Agriculture, Environment, and Climate

 Chandrayaan-3, Agriculture, Environment, and Climate

Introduction:

Chandrayaan-3, the lunar mission by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), aims to achieve a successful landing on the moon's surface and deploy a rover to conduct experiments. While the primary focus of the mission is lunar research and space exploration, Chandrayaan-3 indirectly contributes to agriculture, environment, and climate studies through various means. (Chandrayaan-3 module views from the official website of ISRO  can be seen in the image below).

A.    Remote Sensing and Agricultural Monitoring:

The Potential and Applications of Biochar: A Versatile Carbon-Rich Material (By: Rashmi Suryavanshi)

 The Potential and Applications of Biochar: A Versatile Carbon-Rich Material

Author: Rashmi Suryavanshi (M.Sc. Biotechnology)

Introduction:

Biochar, also known as activated charcoal, is a highly porous carbon-rich material produced through the process of pyrolysis. Pyrolysis involves heating organic biomass, such as wood or agricultural waste, in the absence of oxygen. This carbonization process creates a stable and durable form of charcoal that has a wide range of applications in various fields. Biochar is recognized for its unique properties, including its high surface area, porosity, and ability to retain and release nutrients, making it valuable in biological experiments, medicine, and agricultural applications. Various forms of biochar viz., pelletized, granular, and powdered can be visualized in the image below. 

Applications of Biochar:

Curcumin in Turmeric: Importance, Factors and Geographical Differences (By: Dr. Prashant and Dr. Ravindra)

 Curcumin in Turmeric: Importance, Factors and Geographical Differences

Author: Prashant B. Kale (Ph.D.), Dr. Ravindra Satbhai (Ph.D.)

Introduction:

Turmeric, a popular Indian medicinal plant belonging to the Zingiberaceae family, has gained recognition for its numerous health benefits. The rhizome of turmeric, known as Curcuma longa L., is widely used in South East Asian countries for its flavor, color, and spicing properties in food preparations. It is an integral part of traditional medicine systems like Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha. Turmeric and its active component, curcumin, have garnered considerable attention due to their diverse biological activities. This article explores the variation in curcumin content in turmeric, the factors influencing it, and the geographical differences observed.

1. Importance of Curcumin: Curcumin, derived from the rhizome of Curcuma longa, is a linear diarylheptanoid known for its excellent medicinal properties. It is a small molecular weight polyphenolic compound and one of the primary ingredients in turmeric and curry powders. Curcumin has been reported to exhibit various pharmacological, microbial, and medicinal properties, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects.

Millet: A Powerhouse and Versatile Grain in a Healthy Diet (By: Prachi S. Mahajan)

Millet: A Powerhouse and Versatile Grain in a Healthy Diet

Author: Prachi S. Mahajan (M.Sc.  Agriculture)

Introduction: In recent years, millet has gained recognition as a nutritional powerhouse and a versatile grain. With its numerous health benefits and diverse culinary applications, millet has become an important component of a balanced diet. Since India is the richest source of biodiversity in millets the Indian Government proposed to celebrate 2023 as the International Year of Millets. Therefore Food and Agriculture Organization and United Nations have recognized 2023 as an International Year of Millets or IYM2023. This is to greater efforts in producing millets given their nutritional properties and resilience in adapting to climate change.

             IYM2023 is a significant global initiative that shines a spotlight on the crucial role of millet in addressing food security challenges around the world. By promoting millet as a sustainable and nutritious food source, this initiative aims to raise awareness about its health benefits, versatility, and potential to combat hunger and malnutrition. The efforts serve as a platform for fostering research, innovation, and policy development to enhance millet production, consumption, and trade globally, contributing to the overall well-being of communities and the achievement of sustainable development goals. Specifically, the importance of millets can be elaborated with the following points:

1. Nutritional Content: Millet is packed with essential nutrients, including dietary fiber, vitamins (such as niacin, thiamine, and riboflavin), minerals (like iron, magnesium, and phosphorus), and antioxidants. This grain provides a balanced combination of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, ensuring that your body receives a wide spectrum of essential nutrients. From its rich nutrient content to its gluten-free nature, millet offers a range of advantages that make it worth incorporating into our daily meals.

Top 10 applications of solar pumps, including bird bathtubs and garden fountains (By: P.S. Tupe)

Top 10 applications of solar pumps, including bird bathtubs and garden fountains

Author: P.S. Tupe (BE ETC)

Introduction:

Solar energy finds applications in various sectors. The versatile application of solar energy across sectors underscores its significance in creating a sustainable and environmentally friendly world.

Here are its top ten applications with DC pumps:

Floral bud distortion (FBD) in soybean (By: Dr. Prashant B. Kale)

Floral bud distortion (FBD) in soybean

Floral bud distortion in soybean refers to an abnormality or deformity in the development of floral buds in soybean plants (Glycine max). It is characterized by the distortion, malformation, or abortion of flower buds, which can lead to reduced flower production and subsequently affect seed setting and yield. (Easily visible in picture and infographic).

Table of Contents

Floral bud distortion (FBD) in soybean 

Author: Prashant B. Kale (Ph.D.)

In recent years the occurrence of floral bud distortion is being consistently observed in the central Indian regions. The symptoms recorded do not resemble the documented diseases or disorders of soybean. Therefore, farmers rarely recognize the symptoms and know the plant by different local names.

Floral bud distortion in soybean can have various causes, including environmental factors, phytoplasmas, viral infections, or hormonal imbalances, and insect involvement. Here are some common factors associated with floral bud distortion in soybean.

A. Phytoplasma in soybean:

Nematode Threatens Crops (By: Dr. Prashant B. Kale)

Nematode Threatens Crops

Author: Prashant B. Kale (Ph.D.)

On our farm, as a farmer, we grow oranges. We have chosen to cultivate brinjal plants in between orange plants to generate additional income. However, we have observed that brinjal plants are showing signs of a root-knot nematode attack. This is being observed in images.

Table of contents:

• Background case
• Nature of loss
• Integrated management activities:

A. Crop rotation practice

B. Soil solarization technique

C. Biological control by beneficial bacteria and fungi

D. Predatory insects and nematodes

E. Cover croping & green manures 

F. Soil amendments

G. Soil management practices

H. Nematicidal chemicals

• Note