RNA-Based Vaccine: Sprayable Antiviral Suspension for Plants (By Saurabh and Prashant)

  

RNA-Based Vaccine: Sprayable Antiviral Suspension for Plants

(Saurabh and Prashant)

  

Table of Contents:

·         Introduction

o   Overview of Plant Viral Diseases

o   Importance of Developing Effective Antiviral Measures for Plants

·         RNA-Based Vaccines: A New Frontier

o   Concept and Mechanism of RNA-Based Vaccines

o   Comparison with Traditional Plant Protection Methods

·         Mechanism of Action

o   How RNA-Based Vaccines Work in Plants

o   Interaction with Plant Immune System

o   Benefits over Other Antiviral Methods

·         Advantages and Benefits of dsRNA/RNAi

·         Potential Challenges and Limitations of dsRNA/RNAi RNA Vaccines

Skill based short courses related to agriculture and biotechnology

 List of skill based short courses related to agriculture and biotechnology:

1. Organic Farming Techniques: Focus on organic crop production, soil health, and sustainable farming practices.

2. Precision Agriculture: Training in the use of technology for crop management, including GPS, drones, and data analysis.

3. Hydroponics and Aquaponics: Courses on soilless farming methods and integrated fish and plant farming systems.

4. Miniature Gardening: Techniques for creating and maintaining small-scale gardens, including container gardening and terrariums.

Hydroponics: हायड्रोपोनिक्स (मातीविना शेती) Definition, History, Key Components, Scope, Advantages, and Limitations

Hydroponics: Definition, History, Key Components, Scope, Advantages, and Limitations

Author: Prashant B. Kale (Ph.D.)

Hydroponics: Hydroponics is a method of growing plants without soil, utilizing a water-based nutrient solution to provide essential minerals directly to the plant roots. This soilless cultivation technique allows for precise control over environmental factors, promoting efficient nutrient absorption and faster plant growth.

The word hydroponics comes from two Greek words ‘hydro’ meaning water and ‘ponos’ meaning labor. This word was first used in 1929 by Dr. Gericke, a California professor who began to develop what previously had been a laboratory technique into a commercial means of growing plants.

Some notable authors and researchers in the area of hydroponics include:

Problems in Crop improvement in INDIA (Author: Prashant B. Kale (Ph.D.))

Crop improvement involves various categories of problems

Author: Prashant B. Kale (Ph.D.)

1. Genetic and Breeding Problems:

1.1. Genetic Diversity: Limited genetic diversity can hinder the development of new crop varieties, making crops vulnerable to pests, diseases, and environmental changes.

1.2. Inbreeding Depression: Repeated use of closely related individuals in breeding programs can lead to a decrease in vigor and overall plant health.

1.3. Heterosis or Hybrid Vigor: Achieving and maintaining hybrid vigor can be challenging, as it often requires crossing two genetically diverse parents.

1.4. Genetic Barriers: Crossbreeding between species or genera can be technically challenging, limiting the expansion of genetic diversity.

Notes: Crop Improvement in India (Author: Prashant B. Kale (Ph.D.))

Status of Crop Improvement in India

Author: Prashant B. Kale (Ph.D.)

Crop improvement in India has a long-standing history dating back to ancient agricultural practices. Over the years, this essential sector has evolved significantly, adopting modern techniques and technologies to meet the growing demand for food, fiber, and industrial raw materials. This comprehensive report provides an overview of the present status of crop improvement in India, emphasizing the importance of this sector, the key stakeholders involved, the current challenges, and the innovative approaches being used to enhance crop yields, nutritional value, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.

1.     Introduction Crop improvement in India is a crucial component of the country's agricultural sector, which plays a vital role in the overall economy and the livelihoods of millions. This report explores the various aspects of crop improvement in India, focusing on the current status, strategies, challenges, and the role of different stakeholders.

"Microtomy and Microscopy in Plant Histology: Techniques and Applications" (Author: Prashant B. Kale (Ph.D.))

 "Microtomy and Microscopy in Plant Histology: Techniques and Applications"

Author: Prashant B. Kale (Ph.D.)

A microtome is a specialized precision cutting instrument, which accurately and repeatedly slices sections from a block of embedded tissue. Different kinds of microtomes are used to section paraffin and plastic-embedded tissues as well as the specialized microtomes used to section frozen tissues.

In the case of plants, microtomy is used to prepare thin sections of plant tissues for analysis, particularly for microscopic examination of cells and sub-cellular events. Basic steps for creating microtome sections for plant tissue analysis are explained as: (figure: microtome and cryotome instruments with important parts)

Materials and Equipment:

1. Plant specimens
2. Microtome (a specialized instrument for cutting thin sections)
3. Embedding medium (e.g., paraffin wax or resin)
4. Razor blades or microtome blades
5. Glass slides
6. Microscope
7. Staining solutions (optional)

Role of bio-fertilizers towards natural farming (Author: Prachi S. Mahajan (M.Sc. Agril.))

ROLE OF BIO-FERTILIZERS TOWARDS NATURAL FARMING

Author: Prachi S. Mahajan (M.Sc.  Agril.)

Biofertilizers:

Biofertilizers are a gift from nature- a natural consortium of beneficial microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, algae, and cyanobacteria. These microorganisms form a harmonious relationship with the plants, either by establishing symbiotic, or non-symbiotic associations or by enhancing the nutrient dynamics within the soil. Their primary role is to fix atmospheric nitrogen and make essential nutrients like phosphorus and potassium available to the plants.

Role of Biofertilizers:

Robotics-assisted Phenomics tools (Author: Prashant B. Kale (Ph.D.))

 Robotics-assisted Phenomics tools

Author: Prashant B. Kale (Ph.D.)

Phenomics, the study of an organism's physical and biochemical traits, plays a crucial role in crop improvement by providing valuable insights into plant characteristics and responses.  Plant phenomics research is at the forefront of modern science, driven by advanced technologies like robotics, imaging systems, and machine learning. It enables the rapid collection of vast datasets on plant traits and their responses to environmental factors, facilitating precise agriculture, genetic analysis, and the conservation of biodiversity. By integrating genomics and non-invasive imaging, it accelerates crop improvement efforts, addressing global challenges like food security and climate change adaptation. This interdisciplinary field continues to evolve with emerging technologies, making it pivotal for sustainable agriculture and environmental science. Here are some applications of phenomics in crop improvement:

1.      Identification of Desirable Traits: Phenomics helps identify and quantify desirable traits in crops, such as yield, drought tolerance, disease resistance, and nutritional content. This information guides breeders in selecting the best parent plants for crossing.

Bio-Stimulants in Agriculture: Boosting Crop Yields Sustainably (Author: Prashant B. Kale (Ph.D.))

  Bio-Stimulants in Agriculture: Boosting Crop Yields Sustainably

Author: Prashant B. Kale (Ph.D.)

Agricultural biostimulants are biological or biologically derived additives that supplement and enhance existing agricultural practices. They can provide specific nutrients needed by the plant during the phenological stages or correct specific nutrient deficiencies. Biostimulants can help plants achieve their yield potential. They have a wide range of applications in crop plants, and their use is becoming increasingly popular in modern agriculture. Here are some key applications of bio-stimulants in crop plants:

·         Improved Nutrient Uptake: Bio-stimulants can enhance the uptake and utilization of essential nutrients by plants. They may increase the efficiency of nutrient absorption, especially in nutrient-deficient soils, which can lead to improved crop yields.

Application of Genetic, cytogenetic, and biotechnological techniques in the breeding of different field crops

 Application of Genetic, cytogenetic, and biotechnological techniques in the breeding of different field crops

Author: Dr. Prashant (Plant Biotechnology)

            The combination of genetic, cytogenetic, and biotechnological techniques has significantly advanced the field of crop breeding, allowing scientists to develop improved cultivars with targeted traits. These techniques are applied in the plant breeding of various field crops:

 

👆Click on the image 👆 above 👆 to attend the "Google Form" containing a questionnaire related to the "Breeding of field crops".

A.     Genetic Techniques: Genetic techniques involve studying and manipulating genes conventionally to enhance desirable traits in plants. This includes classical breeding methods such as hybridization and selection.

General article on the history of plant breeding (Author: Prashant B. Kale (Ph.D.))

 General article on the history of plant breeding

Author: Prashant B. Kale (Ph.D.)

The history and milestones of plant breeding and genetics for the improvement of field crops is a fascinating journey that spans centuries. It involves the deliberate selection and manipulation of plants to enhance desired traits. Here's a brief overview:

👆Click on the image 👆 above 👆 to attend "Google Form" containing questionnaire related to the "Breeding of field crops".

Early Agricultural Practices: Humans began domesticating plants around 10,000 years ago. Early farmers unknowingly practiced plant breeding by selecting and saving seeds from plants with favorable traits, such as larger seeds or better taste.

Liquid Fertilizers: Enhancing Crop Productivity and Sustainability (By: Prachi S. Mahajan)

 Liquid Fertilizers: Enhancing Crop Productivity and Sustainability

Author: Prachi S. Mahajan (M.Sc.  Agriculture)

Introduction: Agriculture-allied sectors serve as the backbone of countries' economies, providing livelihood to millions of people and meeting the food demands of a large population. To achieve higher crop yields with sustainable agricultural practices, nowadays farmers are turning to liquid fertilizers (LF). Liquid fertilizers play a significant role in modern agriculture by improving crop yield and quality. These LF are having the ability to provide nutrients directly to the plant roots or aerial parts which ensures efficient nutrient uptake, reducing nutrient losses due to leaching or volatilization. Additionally, applications of liquid fertilizers make possible the use of various agricultural practices, such as no-till farming, reduced-tillage systems, and precision farming. This review is about the exploration of various types of liquid fertilizers commonly used in agriculture, and gardening, with their role in improving biomass, productivity, and health.

·         Types of liquid fertilizers

1. Nitrogen-Based Liquid Fertilizers: These fertilizers provide essential nitrogen, promoting leafy growth and overall plant vigor. Recently developed “Nano-urea” is a cutting-edge innovation. These nanoparticles deliver nitrogen to plants more efficiently by minimizing nitrogen losses and environmental impacts (one can visit for more information https://www.iffco.in/en/nano-urea-liquid-fertilizer). Examples:

Nematode Threatens Crops (By: Dr. Prashant B. Kale)

Nematode Threatens Crops

Author: Prashant B. Kale (Ph.D.)

On our farm, as a farmer, we grow oranges. We have chosen to cultivate brinjal plants in between orange plants to generate additional income. However, we have observed that brinjal plants are showing signs of a root-knot nematode attack. This is being observed in images.

Table of contents:

• Background case
• Nature of loss
• Integrated management activities:

A. Crop rotation practice

B. Soil solarization technique

C. Biological control by beneficial bacteria and fungi

D. Predatory insects and nematodes

E. Cover croping & green manures 

F. Soil amendments

G. Soil management practices

H. Nematicidal chemicals

• Note