Mechanisms of Metalloid-Induced Biotic Stress Tolerance in Plants (By PB Kale, PV Jadhav)

 Mechanisms of Metalloid-Induced Biotic Stress Tolerance in Plants

PB Kale, PV Jadhav

The role of metalloids such as Silicon (Si), Boron (B), and Selenium (Se) in enhancing plant resilience against biotic stresses is complex and multi-dimensional. These metalloids contribute to plant defense through structural reinforcement, biochemical responses, molecular signaling, and priming mechanisms, all of which reduce the impact of pathogens, pests, and other biotic stressors. Here, we outline these mechanisms to illustrate the potential of metalloids in sustainable biotic stress management in plants.

1. Cell Wall Reinforcement

One of the primary roles of Silicon in plant defense is the reinforcement of cell walls, acting as a physical barrier to biotic stressors.

1.     Silicon Deposition: Silicon is absorbed and deposited as amorphous silica in cell walls, particularly in the epidermis. This deposition strengthens the cell wall, making it harder for pathogens to penetrate plant tissues.

2.     Resistance to Herbivory: The increased rigidity of Silicon-enhanced cell walls deters herbivorous insects and reduces damage from chewing and piercing-sucking activities, indirectly lowering pathogen entry points.

Empowering Students Through Science: The Avishkar Challenge

Empowering Students Through Science: The Avishkar Challenge

(Dr. PB Kale)

"Avishkar" and other Science Idea Competitions are opportunities for students to unleash their creativity and tackle real-world challenges through innovative solutions. It’s not just about scientific knowledge—it’s about thinking critically, working collaboratively, and transforming ideas into impactful projects. Whether you're passionate about biotechnology, environmental science, engineering, or any field, **science festivals** allows you to explore your ideas, gain recognition, and make meaningful contributions. Take the leap, be curious, and showcase your potential to shape the future of science!

Here are some ideas students can explore and modify and participate in the events.

1. **CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing for crop improvement**  

   **Procedure**: Create a simple 3D model of DNA and show how CRISPR can cut and edit genes. Use colored threads to represent different crops and demonstrate which traits are being altered.

2. **AI-based gene expression analysis**  

   **Procedure**: Build a computer model using free AI software to simulate how machine learning can predict gene expression patterns. Present results via interactive screens.

Challenges Faced by Researchers in Crop Improvement

 Challenges Faced by Researchers in Crop Improvement

I. Complexity of Crop Traits

·         Quantitative traits: Most crop traits, such as yield, disease resistance, and abiotic stress tolerance, are controlled by multiple genes and are influenced by environmental factors. This makes it difficult to identify the specific genes responsible for these traits and to develop effective breeding strategies.

·         Gene-environment interactions: The expression of genes can be influenced by environmental conditions, making it challenging to predict the performance of new varieties in different regions and under varying climatic conditions.

II. Limited Genetic Diversity

·         Narrow genetic base: Many cultivated crops have a narrow genetic base, limiting the genetic variation available for breeding. This can make it difficult to develop new varieties with improved traits.

·         Loss of genetic resources: Genetic erosion due to habitat destruction, climate change, and the adoption of high-yielding but genetically uniform varieties is a major concern.

III. Slow Breeding Cycles

·         Long generation times: Many crops have long generation times, which can slow down the breeding process and limit the number of generations that can be evaluated in a given period.

·         Complex breeding pipelines: Breeding programs often involve multiple steps, such as crossing, selection, and evaluation, which can be time-consuming and resource-intensive.

IV. Resource Constraints

·         Limited funding: Research in crop improvement is often underfunded, limiting the resources available for conducting experiments, developing new technologies, and training personnel.

·         Infrastructure limitations: Lack of adequate infrastructure, such as laboratories, greenhouses, and field research stations, can hamper research activities.

V. Ethical and Social Concerns

·         GMO controversy: The development and use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) is often met with public resistance and ethical concerns, which can hinder their adoption.

·         Intellectual property rights: The protection of intellectual property rights can be a complex issue, particularly when it comes to sharing genetic resources and commercializing new crop varieties.

Problems and Present Status of Crop Improvement in India

___________________________

Other factors 

I. Biotic Stress

• Diseases:
• Viral diseases (e.g., rice tungro, wheat rust)
• Bacterial diseases (e.g., bacterial blight of rice, black rot of cotton)
• Fungal diseases (e.g., powdery mildew, late blight of potato)
• Pests:
• Insect pests (e.g., armyworm, bollworm)
• Nematodes (e.g., root-knot nematode, cyst nematode)
• Rodents (e.g., rats, mice)
• Weeds:
• Grassy weeds (e.g., barnyard grass, crabgrass)
• Broadleaf weeds (e.g., pigweed, purslane)

II. Abiotic Stress

• Drought:
• Water scarcity in arid and semi-arid regions
• Low rainfall and uneven distribution
• Salinity:
• Salt accumulation in soils due to irrigation practices and poor drainage
• Temperature Extremes:
• Heat stress during summer
• Frost and cold stress during winter

III. Soil Fertility and Nutrient Deficiencies

• Nutrient deficiencies:
• Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and micronutrients (e.g., zinc, iron)
• Soil degradation:
• Erosion, compaction, and loss of organic matter

IV. Post-Harvest Losses

• Physical losses:
• Damage during harvesting, transportation, and storage
• Biological losses:
• Spoilage due to pests, diseases, and improper storage
• Chemical losses:
• Contamination with aflatoxins, mycotoxins, and other harmful substances

V. Socioeconomic Challenges

• Small and marginal landholdings:
• Limited access to resources and technology
• Lack of infrastructure:
• Poor irrigation facilities, roads, and markets
• Limited access to credit and markets:
• Financial constraints for farmers
• Lack of awareness and adoption of improved technologies:
• Resistance to new practices and varieties

VI. Policy and Institutional Challenges

• Outdated agricultural policies:
• Need for policies that promote sustainable agriculture and farmer empowerment
• Inefficient public institutions:
• Lack of coordination and accountability among government agencies
• Limited investment in agricultural research and development:
• Insufficient funding for research and extension activities.

 

Success story of "KrushiPraBha" AgroTourisum Park / Farm (Author: Mr. Bhaskar C. Kale)

Success story of "KrushiPraBha" AgroTourisum Park / Farm
(Author: Mr. Bhaskar C. Kale)

• Farmer’s Full Name: Mr. Bhaskar Chandrabhan Kale, Farmer-Consultant
• Email: kalepbbtl2@gmail.com ,  Mobile Number (10 Digits): 9421592799
• Full Address of the Farm: Kale Vasti, Nagar-Pathardi Road, Tisgaon Tal: Parhardi, Dist. Ahmednagar.

  

-Agricultural Land (in Acres): 5.0 acres

-Nearest village: Tisgaon (3 km)

-Nearest City: Ahilyanagar (Ahmednagar) - 35 km

-Website (if any): https://krishiprabha.blogspot.com/p/at-krishiprabha-we-are-passionate-about.html,

Vector Borne Diseases, Public Health Risks and Mitigation Strategies (Ed. Dr. Prashant Kale)

 Vector Borne Diseases, Public Health Risks and Mitigation Strategies

(Ed. Dr. Prashant Kale)

Mosquito-borne diseases pose significant public health risks worldwide, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. These diseases are transmitted to humans through the bites of infected mosquitoes, and they can lead to severe health outcomes, including death.

In addition to posing significant risks to human health, mosquito and fly-borne diseases also impact domestic animals, exacerbating public health and economic burdens. Mosquitoes can transmit heartworm disease (Dirofilaria immitis) in dogs, causing severe cardiovascular issues that can be fatal if untreated. Flies, particularly biting flies such as stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans) and tsetse flies (Glossina spp.), are vectors for diseases like bovine trypanosomiasis (Nagana) and African horse sickness, affecting cattle and equines, respectively. These diseases lead to reduced productivity, weight loss, and in severe cases, death, impacting livestock health and agricultural economies. Effective vector control, vaccination, and animal health surveillance are crucial in mitigating these risks and protecting both human and animal populations from the deleterious effects of mosquito and fly-borne diseases.

Below is an elaborate look at the public health risks associated with mosquito-borne diseases:

Major Mosquito-Borne Diseases

1. Malaria:
• Caused by: Plasmodium parasites, transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes.

Management of Domestic Vectors of Human Pathogens in India (Ed. Dr. Prashant Kale)

  Management of Domestic Vectors of Human Pathogens in India

(Ed. Dr. Prashant Kale)

Vector-borne diseases pose significant public health challenges in India, with domestic vectors playing a crucial role in transmitting various pathogens. Effectively managing these vectors is essential to mitigate disease transmission and protect public health. This article explores the strategies, challenges, and initiatives in managing domestic vectors of human pathogens in India.

1. Introduction

India is home to a diverse array of vector-borne diseases, including malaria, dengue fever, chikungunya, Japanese encephalitis, lymphatic filariasis, and visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar). These diseases are primarily transmitted by mosquitoes, flies, ticks, and other domestic vectors. The management of these vectors involves integrated approaches that encompass surveillance, vector control measures, community engagement, and research initiatives.

2. Major Domestic Vectors

Climate Change: Understanding, Effects, and Individual Efforts for a Better Climate Condition [By Ms. Tanaya Rajeev Gajbhiye, (B.Tech. Biotechnology)]

 

Climate Change: Understanding, Effects, and Individual Efforts for a Better Climate Condition

Ms. Tanaya Rajeev Gajbhiye, (B.Tech. Biotechnology)

 The temperature in India has been skyrocketing for a decade now. Growing up during the early 2000s, I thoroughly enjoyed the summer season. The warm weather, ice- creams and staying up late are what made me really look forward for the summer vacations. However, the lovely happy summer has now turned into something unbearable since the last few years due to the tremendous rise in the temperature.

India has been experiencing constant heat waves and the temperature in places like Delhi has gone as high as 52.1°C. Everybody needs to ask themselves, why is this happening? who is responsible for these immense rises in temperature levels?  What are the repercussions if this keeps going on? and the most important question what can” I “do to help the situation? The reason behind this all is “climate change”.

What is Climate change?

First and foremost, we need to understand what climate change actually means; According to the United Nations, Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns.

Such shifts can be natural, due to changes in the sun’s activity or large volcanic eruptions. But since the 1800s, human activities have been the main driver of climate change, primarily due to the burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas.